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Vladimir Propp's categories of narratological analysis
 

 

 

The seven roles that are each associated with groups of mythemes below:

the villain

the donor

the helper

the sought-for-person (and her father)

the dispatcher

the hero

the false hero

List of Mythemes (or Functions):

1 Initial Situation Members of family of hero introduced.

2 Absentation One of the members absents himself from home.

3 Interdiction An interdiction is addressed to the hero.

4 Violation An interdiction is violated.

5 Reconnaissance The villain makes an attempt at reconnaissance.

6 Delivery The villain receives information about his victim.

7 Trickery The villain attempts to deceive the victim.

8 Complicity The victim submits to deception, unwittingly helps his enemy.

9 Villainy The villain causes harm or injury to members of the family.

10 Lack One member of a family lacks something or wants something.

11 Mediation Misfortune is known. Hero is dispatched.

12 Counteraction Seekers decide to agree on counteraction.

13 Departure The hero leaves home.

14 1st function of donor Hero is tested, receives magical agent donor or helper.

15 Hero's Reaction Hero reacts to action of the future donor.

16 Receipt of Magic Agent Hero acquires the use of magical agent.

17 Spatial Transference Hero is led to object of search.

18 Struggle Hero and villain join in direct combat.

19 Branding Hero is branded.

20 Victory Villain is defeated

21 Liquidation Initial misfortune or lack is liquidated.

22 Return The hero returns.

23 Pursuit A chase: the hero is pursued.

24 Rescue Rescue of hero from pursuit.

25 Unrecognized The hero, unrecognized, arrives home or in another arrival country.

26 Unfounded claims A false hero presents unfounded claims.

27 Difficult task A difficult task is proposed to the hero.

28 Solution The task is resolved.

29 Recognition The hero is recognized.

30 Exposure The false hero or villain is exposed.

31 Transfiguration The hero is given a new appearance.

32 Punishment The villain is punished.

33 Wedding The hero is married and ascends the throne.

 

source: Daniel Chandler, "Semiotics for Beginners." http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/sem04.html

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